Advances and development in sampling techniques for marine water resources: a comprehensive review

Marine water resources (including seawater and pore-water) provide important information for understanding the marine environment, studying marine organisms, and developing marine resources. Obtaining high-quality marine water samples is significant to marine scientific research and monitoring of marine resources. Since the 20th century, marine water resources sampling technology has become the key research direction of marine equipment. In order to have a comprehensive understanding of marine water resource sampling technology, promote the development of marine water resource sampling technology, and obtain high-quality marine water samples, this paper summarizes the current development status of the sampling technology of marine water resources from the aspects of research and application. This paper first provides an overview of seawater and pore water sampling techniques. The two sampling technologies are categorized and discussed according to different sampling means, and the advantages of different sampling means are compared. We also found similarities between seawater and pore water sampling means. Then, a comprehensive analysis of existing technologies and equipment reveals the development trend of marine water resources sampling technology, for example, the need for high temporal and spatial accuracy in sampling, etc. Finally, it explores the challenges facing deep-sea water sampling technology regarding future research, development and equipment industrialization. These reviews not only help researchers better understand the current development of marine water sampling technologies but also provide an important reference for the future development of marine water sampling technology, which provides guidance and support for in-depth marine scientific research and effective use of marine resources.