Evaluating the disparity between supply and demand of park green space using a multi-dimensional spatial equity evaluation framework

In the context of rapid urban expansion and population growth, the spatial inequity of park green spaces' (PGSs) supply and demand has become a research focus. However, few studies have conducted a multi-level comprehensive evaluation of the supply–demand ratio of PGSs at the grid resolution scale. This study developed a multi-dimensional spatial equity evaluation (MSEE) framework consisting of scale dimensions (local, district, and regional levels) and index dimensions (accessibility, supply–demand ratio, spatial cluster identification). Taking the main urban area of Harbin as an example, we measured the spatial differences between supply and demand for PGSs at various planning levels at a resolution of 500 × 500 m. The results showed serious spatial inequity in supply and demand for PGSs, especially spatial discrepancy among different PGSs. The supply of mini-parks is severely insufficient, and the distribution of comprehensive parks is too concentrated, leading to the polarization of saturated supply and inadequate supply. Some social groups studied in this article, such as older people, rural dwellers, and low-income people, are disadvantaged in accessing PGSs. We recommended that the MSEE framework be used as a reference for future policy formulation. It also provides a flexible operating model that is applicable to other cities.