范围(计算机科学)
现存分类群
收入
中国
经济
业务
自然资源经济学
公共经济学
生态学
地理
财务
计算机科学
进化生物学
生物
考古
程序设计语言
作者
Jonah Busch,Irene Ring,Monique Akullo,Oyut Amarjargal,Maud Borie,Rodrigo S. Cassola,Annabelle Cruz-Trinidad,Nils Droste,Joko Tri Haryanto,Ulan Kasymov,Natalia Kotenko,Ariunaa Lhkagvadorj,Felipe Luiz Lima de Paulo,Peter H. May,Anit Mukherjee,Sonny Mumbunan,Paula Antunes,Luca Tacconi,Gracie Verde Selva,Madhu Verma,Xiaoxi Wang,Lu Yu,Kecen Zhou
标识
DOI:10.1038/s41893-021-00728-0
摘要
Ecological fiscal transfers (EFT) transfer public revenue between governments within a country based on ecological indicators. EFT can compensate subnational governments for the costs of conserving ecosystems and in principle can incentivize greater ecological conservation. We review established EFT in Brazil, Portugal, France, China and India, and emerging or proposed EFT in ten more countries. We analyse common themes related to EFT emergence, design and effects. EFT have grown rapidly from US$0.35 billion yr−1 in 2007 to US$23 billion yr−1 in 2020. We discuss the scope of opportunity to expand EFT to other countries by ‘greening’ intergovernmental fiscal transfers. The transfer of public funds between governments within a country based on ecological indicators is an emerging tool in environmental policy. A review of extant and proposed schemes identifies challenges and opportunities to expand the use of this instrument.
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