Metal organic frameworks as hybrid porous materials for energy storage and conversion devices: A review

Recent technological advances and increasing energy demands have triggered the development and synthesis of novel materials for efficient energy storage and conversion devices in order to cater the energy need of the society. The metal organic frameworks (MOFs), are porous crystalline hybrid materials fashioned by linkage of the metal centers (clusters) and organic linkers (organic ligands), have been recognized as very active research domain due to their broad range of applications as energy storage and conversion materials, regioselective chemical refinements, and petrochemicals for more than the past decade or so. In the current research domain, the emerging MOFs have attracted research community due to their unique properties including tunable porosities, high surface area, modifiable morphologies, layer by layer design and high-quality crystalline product. The present review deals with the state-of-the-art MOFs design, compositions and recent developments and breakthroughs with special reference to the energy conversion and storage device applications such as solar cells, fuel cells, white light emitting diodes, Lithium-ion batteries, Sodium-ion batteries, Zinc-air batteries, Aluminum-air batteries and supercapacitors. The review also highlights various synthesis routes, progress in synthesis of the ultra-high porous MOFs along with the current challenges and future applications of the promising MOF materials.