Cs X Si 15 P 21 ( X = Sn or Pb): Polar Noncentrosymmetric Si–P Frameworks Stabilized by Covalent X –P Bonding

Metal silicon phosphides composed of earth-abundant Si and P tend to exhibit semiconducting properties and adopt diverse crystal structures with relatively small additions of structure-directing elements. The potential of silicon phosphide materials in nonlinear optical applications has been hindered by the inability to systematically produce noncentrosymmetric structures with such a flexible framework. In this work, two isostructural compounds with a novel noncentrosymmetric structure were made possible by the inclusion of elements with stereochemically active lone pairs (Sn2+ and Pb2+). The structures were determined through single-crystal and synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction. Analysis of chemical bonding in real space through the electron localization function revealed stereochemically active Pb2+ and Sn2+ species in a trigonal pyramidal coordination with {Pb/Sn}–P bonds. Such covalent bonding between Pb and P is quite uncommon in extended solids and has been reported in a few rare instances. Band structure calculations and linear optical measurements confirm the semiconducting nature of CsXSi15P21 (X = Sn or Pb). The synthesis was optimized to yield high-purity polycrystalline samples. The nonlinear optical properties show promising second-harmonic generation (SHG) coefficients from the Kurtz–Perry method. First-principles calculations of the nonlinear optical properties support the experimentally determined SHG values and provide moderate values of birefringence, suggesting CsXSi15P21 could be phase-matchable and practical nonlinear optical materials in the mid-IR region.