Ru-Based Supported Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reactions: A Mini Review

Ruthenium-based electrocatalysts have emerged as a promising alternative to iridium when it comes to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), particularly in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWE). Although Ru-based catalysts exhibit superior intrinsic activity, their widespread adoption is hindered by stability challenges under acidic operating conditions, necessitating strategies to mitigate dissolution and degradation. This review offers an in-depth examination of Ru-based catalysts, highlighting the critical role of support materials in determining their catalytic activity, electronic conductivity, and long-term stability. The discussion is systematically organized according to the type of support material, each offering distinct advantages and limitations. Reported experimental studies are compiled and critically analyzed to highlight representative advances in synthesis strategies and corresponding electrochemical performance, with emphasis on catalytic activity and durability. By consolidating recent progress and performance benchmarks, this review provides a coherent overview of the current landscape of Ru-based OER electrocatalysts. Finally, future research directions are proposed to accelerate the development of robust, high-performance Ru-based catalysts capable of replacing iridium in large-scale PEM water electrolysis applications. By bridging insights across materials design, synthesis, and electrochemical evaluation, this review aims to guide the rational development of next-generation Ru-based electrocatalysts that combine high activity, stability, and scalability for sustainable hydrogen production.