X-Ray Attenuation Properties of Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Materials for Mimicking Tissues in Radiographic Phantoms Measured by CT from 70 to 140 kV: 2025 Update

The range of X-ray attenuation observed demonstrates that commercially available 3D printing materials can replicate clinically relevant tissues and tissue-equivalent contrasts. Furthermore, the available range of attenuations has increased, as has the finer gradation of these materials. These findings support the design of patient- and task-specific imaging phantoms for optimization of acquisition protocols, image quality evaluation, and radiation dose studies, as well as facilitate the selection of appropriate phantom materials.