Rapid and robust quality evaluation of fragrances using near-infrared spectroscopy compensated with multi-color parameters

) of 0.9866, an RMSEP of 0.0021, and an RPD of 8.6387, indicating excellent accuracy and stability. These results confirm that the proposed color compensation strategy effectively considered the effects of color differences on NIR spectral signals, thereby enabling reliable and robust quantitative analysis for diverse fragrance products in practical production settings.