Radiotherapy for Brain Metastases from Thyroid Cancer: An Institutional and National Retrospective Cohort Study

Background: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is the standard of care for patients with a limited number of brain metastases. Despite the fact that the seminal studies regarding SRS for brain metastases were largely tissue agnostic, several current national guidelines do not uniformly recommend SRS in thyroid cancer. We therefore investigated oncological outcomes in a cohort of patients with brain metastases from thyroid cancer who received radiotherapy (RT) at our institution as well as those in a nationally representative cancer cohort, the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Materials and Methods: We identified patients with thyroid cancer and brain metastases treated with RT at our institution from 2002 through 2020. For the NCDB cohort, the national database of patients with thyroid cancer was screened on the basis of brain-directed RT or brain metastases. For the institutional cohort, the cumulative risk of local failure (LF), distant intracranial failure, and radiation necrosis were calculated, adjusted for the competing risk of death. Overall survival (OS) in both cohorts was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate analysis was accomplished via clustered competing risks regression. Results: For the institutional cohort, we identified 33 patients with 212 treated brain metastases. OS was 6.6 months. The 1-year cumulative incidences of LF and distant intracranial failures were 7.0% and 38%, respectively. The 1-year risk of radiation necrosis was 3.3%. In the NCDB cohort, there were 289 patients, and the median survival was 10.2 months. NCDB national practice patterns analysis showed an increasing use of SRS over time in both the entire cohort and the subset of anaplastic patients. Univariate analysis was performed for OS, risk of LF, risk of regional intracranial failure, and risk of radiation necrosis. Conclusions: SRS is a safe, effective, and increasingly utilized treatment for thyroid cancer brain metastases of any histology and should be the standard of care treatment.