Cinnamaldehyde treatment during adolescence improves white and brown adipose tissue metabolism in a male rat model of early obesity

Early obesity is a serious health problem and nutritional therapeutic strategies during young age may improve health outcomes throughout life. Cinnamaldehyde, the major component of cinnamon, exhibits several beneficial metabolic effects. Here we tested the impact of cinnamaldehyde treatment during adolescence in a rat model of obesity programmed by early overnutrition, addressing white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). After birth, litters were adjusted to 10 pups or 3 pups (small litter) to induce overfeeding and early obesity. On postnatal day 30, half of the small litter pups received cinnamaldehyde (40 mg per kg of body mass per day) for 30 days. The animals were studied at the end of the treatment at 60 days of age and 4 months thereafter (180 days old). The early overfeeding programmed to higher epididymal WAT mass, adipocyte hypertrophy at both ages, and higher BAT mass associated with higher lipid accumulation in the long term. Cinnamaldehyde reduced the adipocyte hypertrophy associated with reduced lipogenesis machinery expression (Srebf1c, Acaca), while it stimulated oxidative ones (Ppargc1a, Fgf21) in WAT, and increased BAT thermogenesis markers (Ppara, Fgf21, Ucp1). In the long term, cinnamaldehyde treatment reprogrammed the metabolism leading to a diminished WAT adipocyte size, accompanied by reduced expression of lipogenesis-related genes (Pparg, Dgat2). In BAT, cinnamaldehyde led to reduced lipogenesis marker expression (Pparg, Lpl) associated with the reduced whitening phenotype, and a robust increase in Fgf21 expression. These results suggest that cinnamaldehyde intake during adolescence has long-lasting benefits in WAT and BAT metabolism, reinforcing its potential as a reprogramming nutraceutical in the treatment of childhood obesity.