Hyperlipidemia exacerbates frozen shoulder fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway via the TBX5-TNC-Itgα2 axis

targeting of TBX5 significantly mitigated both mobility loss and joint capsule fibrosis in the hyperlipidemic rat model. This work defines the TBX5-TNC-Itgα2 axis as a novel molecular bridge connecting systemic HL to localized pathology, identifying critical targets for developing precision anti-fibrotic therapies.