Survey and literature study to provide insights on the application of 3D technologies in objects conservation and restoration

3D technologies, including data acquisition, digital modelling and manufacturing, have been used in the context of cultural heritage (CH) since the 1990′s. A general state of the art is given concerning the adoption of 3D models in CH and for virtual reconstruction of missing parts in conservation-restoration work. Although an increased use of 3D technologies is noticed in research, preservation, dissemination and conservation-restoration, the opinion, experience and concerns of the restorer on the application of 3D technologies in their work is unclear. The conservation community was therefore asked to complete an online questionnaire (n = 153) and a literature study provided 65 case studies to demonstrate the practical use of 3D technologies for loss compensation. The results of the questionnaire showed a positive trend towards 3D technologies in restoration projects. Seven main concerns were distinguished in the survey and further discussed by means of the case studies: (i) The printing process and materials, (ii) the necessary knowledge, (iii) the applicability, (iv) ethical considerations, (v) required work and costs, (vi) managing and storing data and (vii) the achieved results. Although the main concerns are justified as there are many challenges to overcome, reassurance or first answers to these concerns have been found in the varied applications of 3D technologies presented in the case studies. The arguments pro and con 3D technologies, possible solutions for the mentioned concerns and further research possibilities are subsequently presented in informative mind maps. This article and the accompanying mind maps can as such assist the restorer in decision-making when considering using 3D technologies in restoration projects.