Misinformation dissemination and correction in online informal groups: The role of social distance and group dynamics

Online informal groups play a growing role in disseminating and correcting misinformation on social media platforms, yet remain underexamined due to their semi-public nature. This study investigates how misinformation circulates in these groups, focusing on social distance, group status, and interpersonal dynamics. Drawing on Social Distance Theory of Power and Social Exchange Theory, we employed a mixed-methods approach, including non-participant observation, sociometric analysis, and semi-structured interviews across 12 Chinese online groups. Findings indicate that misinformation is often disseminated by socially distant yet structurally central members, while correction efforts come from more socially embedded but less influential participants. Group discussions reinforced trust in misinformation through interpersonal validation and repeated exposure. Correction was constrained by relational risks, making it a socially sensitive act. These insights highlight how group dynamics shape misinformation engagement and suggest the need for socially aware intervention strategies in these digital spaces.