Self-powered gas sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG): a comparative review of sensing mechanisms

Abstract With the advancements of industrialization and the Internet of Things (IoT), the demand for gas sensing technologies has grown significantly. However, conventional gas sensors, which rely on external power supplies, face limitations in lifespan, capacity, and replacement convenience. As a result, interest in self-powered solutions has grown, with triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) emerging as a promising alternative. TENG-based self-powered gas sensors utilize triboelectricity, enabling gas detection without external power. Notably, TENGs offer the unique advantage of integrating energy harvesting and gas detection into a single device. This review categorizes the sensing mechanisms of TENG-based gas sensors into two main types and introduces each mechanism in detail. Through case studies, it provides a comprehensive understanding of these gas sensors. Additionally, it aims to analyze the challenges faced by TENG-based gas sensors and offer new insights into research strategies, ultimately contributing to the advancement of this technology.