Homogeneous–Heterogeneous condensation in supersonic nozzle using Eulerian–Eulerian approach: Numerical investigation of liquid phase modeling

To enhance industrial equipment, it is crucial to have a thorough understanding of the occurring phenomena within it. Nonequilibrium condensation is one such phenomenon that requires comprehensive investigation and study, as it is commonly observed in industrial equipment. The present study investigates homogeneous condensation (HMC), homogeneous–heterogeneous condensation (HMTC), and heterogeneous condensation (HTC) through the implementation of the liquid droplet injection technique. Two contrasting modeling approaches are employed for the analysis of HMTC. In Model A, a discrete simulation is performed for nucleating and injected droplets, with each group modeled independently. In Model B, a simplified approach is employed, where the radii of injected and nucleating droplets are averaged to represent a combined droplet population. The results demonstrate that HMC, HMTC, and HTC significantly influence the flow structure. The condensation of vapor molecules within the converging nozzle section in HTC and HMTC results in elevated pressure, liquid mass fraction (LMF), and temperature, alongside a decrease in Mach number and supersaturation ratio. In the HMTC scenario, Model A exhibits higher values for condensation shock intensity, nucleation rate, droplet number, LMF, and two-phase heat compared to Model B. When comparing Model A to Model B, the outlet average LMF exhibits a difference of approximately 8% for Sample 1 and 6% for Sample 2.