Complement factor D deficiency ameliorates adverse cardiac remodelling by inhibiting C5a-C5aR mediated ISGs+ neutrophil activation post myocardial infarction

Abstract Background Exaggerated inflammatory response after myocardial infarction (MI) exacerbates myocardial injury and adverse cardiac remodeling, leading to heart failure. Current management of MI involves myocardial protection and antifibrotic therapy but do not target the inflammatory response per se. Complement factor D (CFD) is an upstream rate-limiting enzyme of complement system activation, which is the early event of inflammatory response post MI. We hypothesize that CFD can be an important modulator of the inflammation-remodeling cascade post MI, but the specific mechanism remains elusive. Purpose To investigate the role and mechanism of CFD in regulating inflammatory expansion and adverse remodeling post MI. Methods We generated Cfd-AKO (Cfdfl/fl Adipoq-cre) mice using the Cre-LoxP recombination system, as CFD is mainly secreted by adipocytes. Immune status and cardiac remodeling progress were assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), histology, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analyzed non­cardiomyocytes isolated from Cfd-AKO and WT mice post MI or sham operation. Genetic ablation and co-culture experiments dissected the functional molecular properties and intercellular communication. An CFD inhibitor ACH-4471 was used to explore the role of CFD in ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Results The survival of Cfd-AKO mice was strongly improved, while ventricular arrhythmia induction rates and number of episodes were significantly reduced compared with those of WT mice. CMR imaging showed that Cfd-AKO mice had higher ejection fraction and reduced left ventricular dilation than WTs. Masson trichrome and picrosirius red staining revealed that besides smaller infarct size, the extent of fibrosis in the border and distal remote area decreased in Cfd-AKO mice. Cfd loss reduced myocardial injury, inhibited the release of inflammatory factors, and limits the amplification of complement components C3a and C5a post MI. ScRNA-seq revealed that CFD modulated neutrophil chemotactic ability and pro-inflammatory function by inducing interferon-stimulated genes expressing (ISG+) neutrophil CXCL10 expression. Mechanistically, CFD activates the ISG transcriptional profile via the C5a/C5aR dependent STAT1/2-IRF9 pathway. Activated neutrophils promote myofibroblast transformation through IL1β/IL1R dependent intercellular communication, thus facilitating pathological fibrosis. Early pharmacological blocking of CFD in mice IR injury models inhibited inflammation, reduced infarct size and ameliorated cardiac dysfunction. Conclusions We demonstrate the crucial role of CFD in cardiac remodeling post MI. This process is critically regulated by C5a-C5aR, an important component of complement-inflammation cascade. This CFD-C5a mediated neutrophil pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic dual activity represents a novel pathway and an attractive therapeutic window for heart failure post MI.CFD in cardiac remodelling post MI