Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and battery systems: past work, current research, and future opportunities

Abstract Research on battery electrochemistry is one of the most consequential chemical fields of modern times, bearing seismic influence on world economy. With the importance of electric batteries projected only to increase, researchers are faced with looming problems regarding the stability, sustainability, and safety of lithium-ion batteries, making the need for alternative battery systems only more prevalent. In this review, the utility of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for future battery research is explored. By overviewing the fundamental science and its history in past battery research, the unique capability of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in battery research is underscored. Moreover, four advanced impedance techniques—machine learning applications, distribution of relaxation times analysis, nonlinear impedance methods, and localized measurement—are emphasized along with their potential strengths. Finally, suggestions for future battery research using these methods are discussed. Graphical abstract