Long‐term survival of dogs with stage 4 oral malignant melanoma treated with anti‐canine PD‐1 therapeutic antibody: A follow‐up case report

Abstract A monoclonal antibody targeting programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) is one of the most promising treatments for human cancers. Clinical studies in humans demonstrated that the anti‐PD‐1 antibody provides a long‐lasting tumour response. Previously, we established an anti‐canine PD‐1 therapeutic antibody (ca‐4F12‐E6), and the pilot clinical study demonstrated that the antibody was effective in dogs with oral malignant melanoma (OMM). However, two OMM cases were still undergoing treatment when the pilot study was published. Here, we describe the long‐term follow‐up of those two cases. Although both cases showed long‐term survival with complete response (CR), the tumour response differed; the effect onset was slow in one case and a durable response was observed in the second case even after treatment discontinuation. Secondary malignant tumours occurred during treatment in both cases. This follow‐up study revealed that ca‐4F12‐E6 maintains CR in dogs for more than 1 year. In addition, the pattern of tumour response was unique compared to conventional therapy. These results indicate that new evaluation criteria for tumour response may be necessary for immunotherapy in veterinary medicine. Long‐term follow‐up is necessary regardless of the short‐term treatment responsiveness.