Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis V9 overcomes CYFRA 21-1–linked immunochemotherapy resistance in NSCLC via microbial metabolites

Gut dysbiosis drives therapeutic resistance, yet the relationships among typical tumor markers, gut microbiota, and treatment efficacy remain poorly defined. Here, elevated serum CYFRA 21-1 in advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) correlates with gut dysbiosis, including Bifidobacterium animalis depletion and reduced immunomodulatory metabolites. Fecal supernatant from patients with high-CYFRA attenuated immunochemotherapy efficacy in tumor-bearing mice, linked to disrupted tryptophan and phenylalanine metabolism. Adjuvant B. animalis subsp. lactis V9 enhanced tumor control and antitumor immunity, coinciding with elevated quinaldic acid and catechol, metabolites associated with caspase-dependent apoptosis and ferroptosis. Cell-free fecal supernatant transferred antitumor effects, independent of bacterial colonization. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial ( n = 30), adjunctive B. lactis V9 associated with a higher objective response rate (47% versus 33%), disease control rate (87% versus 67%), and prolonged progression-free survival in responders, who exhibited enriched B. animalis and elevated quinaldic acid/catechol (area under the curve = 0.73/0.82). These findings suggest CYFRA 21-1 may identify a modifiable, microbiome-linked state of treatment resistance.