Polymeric nanoparticles based on carboxymethyl chitosan in combination with painless microneedle therapy systems for enhancing transdermal insulin delivery

hypoglycemic experiments demonstrate the potential of using nanocarrier combination with microneedle arrays for painless insulin delivery through the skin in a clinical setting. Thus, the developed combination scheme of nanoparticles and microneedle arrays offers an effective, user-friendly, and low-toxicity option for diabetes patients requiring long-term and multiple treatments.