A phage for the controlling of Salmonella in poultry and reducing biofilms

As a natural alternative to traditional antimicrobials, phages are being recognised as highly effective control agents for Salmonella and other foodborne bacteria. Due to the high diversity of Salmonella serotypes and the emergence of phage-resistant strains, attempting to isolate more widespread, strictly lytic Salmonella phages is highly warranted. In this study, a lytic phage, LP31, was isolated from poultry faecal samples. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the phage had a polyhedral head and a retraction-free tail, indicative of the Siphoviridae family. Adsorption rate experiments showed that LP31 required the participation of lipopolysaccharides, but not flagella, during phage adsorption. Host profile identification showed that LP31 could lyse most Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) (96.15%, N = 104) and Salmonella Pullorum (S. Pullorum) (96.67%, N = 60). Initial applications found that LP31 reduced the concentration of static S. Enteritidis on metal surfaces (0.951 log10 cfu/ml) and in the faeces of chicks (2.14 log10 cfu/g). Notably, LP31 could almost completely remove biofilms formed by S. Enteritidis and S. Pullorum in 1 h. These findings suggest that LP31 has a good prevention and control effect against biofilms and planktonic antibiotic-resistant Salmonella, and is therefore a potentially promising biocontrol agent for controlling the spread of Salmonella in the poultry and food processing industries.