Complexities of the global plastics supply chain revealed in a trade-linked material flow analysis

Abstract Plastic has become an integral part of our lives. Addressing the global environmental concerns of plastics requires a comprehensive analysis along the whole supply chain. Here, we provide a global trade-linked material flow analysis of plastics for the year 2022. Globally, 436.66 million tonnes (Mt) of plastics were traded in 2022, with final products alone accounting for 111 Mt. Our findings suggest that plastics are subject to geographical concentration, with feedstocks concentrated in oil-resource rich countries and processing in countries with large manufacturing capacity. Furthermore, there is a significant shift in waste disposal: incineration is emerging as a prominent waste disposal method (34%), landfill is decreasing substantially (40%), while the global recycling rate remained stagnant (9%). Income disparities among countries diminish in the context of plastic waste imports, reshaping the global plastics trade patterns. Uncovering the complex plastic supply chain is crucial for reducing pollution and promoting sustainable plastic management.