Fill Factor Exceeding 85% Indium-free Solar Cells Based on Cadmium Oxides

We propose a strategy to improve the fill factor of indium-free silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells by introducing a highly conductive cadmium-oxide-based transparent conductive oxide. This improves interfacial contact, reduces series resistance, and then increases the fill factor to 85.44%, significantly boosting the overall efficiency of the indium-free SHJ solar cell.