Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A Versatile Therapeutic Approach for Cancer, Autoimmune Disorders, GVHD and COVID-19

Recent trends have shown the development of various medicinally important compounds that specifically target B-cell receptor (BCR) pathways at various segments that have a major role in Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) receptor, which belongs to the family of kinases. These kinases are usually situated close to the cell membrane due to which they participate in upstream processing of BCR signalling. Various molecules have been potentialized to target these signalling pathways of these kinase receptors in order to achieve a pharmacological effect. Given the central role of BTK in immunity, BTK inhibition represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of multiple diseases. BTK inhibitors work by regulating B-cell receptor signalling along with inflammatory pathways and immune cell interactions, offering more advanced treatment options compared to traditional therapies. In addition to BTK inhibitors, an extensive knowledge of the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the blockage of these receptors is necessary in order to more accurately forecast when and where a patient could need combination therapy or just one medication. Efforts have been made to facilitate translational discoveries, drug re-purposing concepts, and further development of precision medicine products. This thorough literature study has focused on studies published until June 2025.