Emerging techniques to monitor temperature and supply heat for multiscale solid-based catalysis processes

To the achievement of carbon neutrality and sustainable chemical industries, optimization and reformation of energy (heat) management for catalyst design and catalysis process developments play a key role. This review examines the underlying mechanism of fundamental solid-based catalysis, for example, structure of active sites, chemical kinetics, and molecular transport, affected by temperature. In situ/operando multiscale thermometry aimed to the temperature-monitoring of local active sites, catalyst body, or reactor is overviewed. Toward precise heat supply for active sites, the examples of state-of-the-art heating techniques for solid catalysts are analyzed in detail. Through recent examples, we illustrate that innovative heating techniques combined with online spatiotemporal-resolved thermometry may initiate transformative industrial catalytic processes.