Oxygen therapy attenuates neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury

Abstract Acute hyperbaric O 2 (HBO) therapy after spinal cord injury (SCI) can reduce inflammation and increase neuronal survival. To our knowledge, it is unknown if these benefits of HBO require hyperbaric vs. normobaric hyperoxia. We used a C4 lateralized contusion SCI in adult male and female rats to test the hypothesis that the combination of hyperbaria and 100% O 2 (i.e. HBO) more effectively mitigates spinal inflammation and neuronal loss, and enhances respiratory recovery, as compared to normobaric 100% O 2 . Experimental groups included spinal intact, SCI no O 2 therapy, and SCI + 100% O 2 delivered at normobaric pressure (1 atmosphere, ATA), or at 2- or 3 ATA. O 2 treatments lasted 1-h, commenced within 2-h of SCI, and were repeated for 10 days. The spinal inflammatory response was assessed with transcriptomics (RNAseq) and immunohistochemistry. Gene co-expression network analysis showed that the strong inflammatory response to SCI was dramatically diminished by both hyper- and normobaric O 2 therapy. Similarly, both HBO and normobaric O 2 treatments reduced the prevalence of immunohistological markers for astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and microglia (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule) in the injured spinal cord. However, HBO treatment also had unique impacts not detected in the normobaric group including upregulation of an anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-4) in the plasma, and larger inspiratory tidal volumes at 10-days (whole body-plethysmography measurements). We conclude that normobaric O 2 treatment can reduce the spinal inflammatory response after SCI, but pressured O 2 (i.e., HBO) provides further benefit.