Review of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcomes of Immunotherapy-Associated Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

ABSTRACT Immunotherapy has become an integral tool in the treatment of many diseases. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) treat certain cancers, enabling the patient’s immune system to recognize and destroy abnormal and cancerous cells. Although effective, these treatments do not come without risk of altering the patient’s immune system and causing immune-related adverse events (irAE). This narrative review focuses on a rarely reported irAE, ICI-associated autoimmune hemolytic anemia. It provides an overview of reported cases and existing recommendations for diagnosing and treating immunotherapy-associated autoimmune hemolytic anemia.