Interfacial Donnan Hydration Funnels in Lignin-Derived Carbon Orchestrate RuNi Synergy for Aldehyde-Assisted Dual-Hydrogen Electrosynthesis

, these Ru-centered oxygenated species drive intermediates toward OCHO formation and formate production, while alloy electronic effects mitigate poisoning by strongly adsorbed intermediates before transport limitations prevail at higher potentials. This work converts the coordination-chemistry programmability of lignin into quantifiable interfacial-solvation advantages, providing a clear paradigm for understanding and designing microenvironment-dominated mechanisms in paired electrolysis.