A Pendulum Frequency Up‐Conversion Hybrid Nanogenerator Integrating Triboelectric, Piezoelectric, and Electromagnetic Effects for Low‐Frequency Wave Energy Harvesting

The floating monitoring platform is of great significance for marine environment monitoring, but the power supply of the monitoring platform is an important consideration. This paper presents a pendulum‐based hybrid energy harvester (PETP‐HEH) that integrates electromagnetic, triboelectric, and piezoelectric mechanisms for capturing low‐frequency wave energy. The proposed architecture enables the transformation of low‐frequency wave energy into high‐frequency oscillatory kinetic energy within the pendulum. The high‐frequency swing increases the friction frequency of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) at the upper end of the pendulum, while the magnet at the end stimulates the cantilever beam to vibrate. The output performance of electromagnetic nanogenerator (EMG) and piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) is improved. The triple‐mechanism integrated harvester exhibits favorable adaptability to low‐frequency marine wave environments. After rectifying the connection of the three power generation modules, the measured peak power reaches 0.64 mW. The fabricated hybrid nanogenerator can continuously drive 40 LEDs under laboratory excitation conditions.