Recent progress in valorization of fish-derived peptides: multifunctional development from molecular insights to versatile applications

The exploitation of fish and their processing by-products constitutes a valuable approach for the production of multifunctional peptides (MFPs), which play a crucial role in promoting the sustainable development of marine resources and enhancing precision nutrition. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advancements in the field of fish-derived MFPs. The preparation techniques, such as enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, not only enhance the biological activity of peptides but also significantly affect their taste activity. Moreover, developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and computational modeling have provided powerful tools for elucidating the interaction mechanisms between peptides and their targets, including both physiological and taste receptors. Consequently, the integration of interdisciplinary technologies is anticipated to expedite the targeted discovery and rational design of novel fish-derived MFPs, thereby facilitating their innovative applications in functional foods, medical supplies, cosmetics, seasonings, and animal feed industry.