Exercise in a Pill: Emerging Therapeutics for Age-Related Orthopedic Diseases

Future research should further clarify the tissue-specific effects of exercise mimetics, the long-term safety of their use, and individual differences in their therapeutic efficacy. Meanwhile, developing targeted delivery systems, optimizing bioavailability, and promoting more rigorously designed clinical studies will help achieve wide application of exercise mimetics in the treatment of orthopedic diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 44, 488-527.