Precision mitochondrial reprogramming via a ROS-amplifying Pt( iv ) nanoplatform potentiates tri-modal therapy to overcome Pt resistance in HCC

the EPR effect, CD44 receptor-mediated uptake, and mitochondrial accumulation. This nanoplatform effectively inhibits Drp1 expression, induces mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and demonstrates potent triple-modality therapy combining chemotherapy, chemodynamic therapy, and photodynamic therapy. Our work provides an innovative strategy integrating herbal medicine with nanotechnology to overcome limitations of conventional Pt-based therapies.