Cu-DHM nanozymes treat flap ischemia-reperfusion injury by amplifying immune modulation in a cascade manner and inhibiting cell apoptosis

T cells, increase the proportions of M2 macrophages and Treg cells, and alleviate inflammation. In animal experiments, Cu-DHM NPs downregulated several pathways associated with inflammation and cell death. Cu-DHM NPs inhibited apoptosis, reduced neutrophil infiltration, alleviated inflammation, enhanced angiogenesis, and ultimately improved flap survival rates. This novel metal-polyphenol nanozyme offers a new strategy for treating flap I/R injury by increasing immune modulation and inhibiting apoptosis.