Anticancer Potential of β-Sitosterol: A Comprehensive Exploration of Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects

This paper comprehensively examines the anticancer mechanisms and therapeutic potential of β-sitosterol, a naturally occurring phytosterol found in various plants. β-Sitosterol has shown significant efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis through various biological pathways, including inducing apoptosis, arresting cell cycle progression, and suppressing cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. We highlight the key mechanisms by which β-sitosterol exerts its effects, such as modulating apoptosis-related signaling pathways like those of the Bcl-2 family proteins and reactive oxygen species production. Furthermore, β-sitosterol's role in disrupting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its impact on tumor metabolism, particularly in cholesterol and glucose regulation, are discussed. The article also explores the potential of β-sitosterol to enhance chemotherapy sensitivity, making it a promising adjunct in cancer treatment. Additionally, we incorporate a bibliometric analysis and network pharmacology approach to identify potential therapeutic targets and pathways influenced by β-sitosterol, providing new insights into its multifaceted anticancer activities. These findings underscore the potential of β-sitosterol as a novel anticancer agent, warranting further research and clinical investigation to optimize its future therapeutic application.