Oleanolic acid inhibits hypoxic tumor-derived exosomes-induced premetastatic niche formation in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting ERK1/2-NFκB signaling

Pulmonary premetastatic niche (PMN) formation plays a key role in the lung metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hypoxia promotes the secretion of tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) and facilitates the formation of PMN. However, the mechanisms remain unexplored.