Back to the future: Revisiting the perspectives on nuclear fusion and juxtaposition to existing energy sources

This article reviews and launches perspectives on milestones in the development of nuclear fusion research and development. To this end, the current state of nuclear fusion technology, the recent breakthrough in nuclear fusion research, and the increasing role of private companies and investments in nuclear fusion research and its development are investigated for both advanced and emerging economies. The survey reviews academic sources and media contributions of experts in the field of nuclear fusion. The study shows that, despite attaining the break-even point in the generation of nuclear fusion electricity, there are still serious challenges that will obviate the market alignment of nuclear fusion energy until the early 2030s – and more realistically the mid-2050s. Nonetheless, never in history, the level of public support and private engagement for nuclear fusion energy research and development has been as high as now. Furthermore, the study shows that there is a steadily increasing accumulation of scholarly knowledge on nuclear fusion and a broad consensus among the leading experts that nuclear fusion is the “holy grail” of the transition toward post-resource, and hence, fully circular energy system.