Review of technological progress in carbon dioxide capture, storage, and utilization

Emissions of substantial amounts of greenhouse gases (GHG) accumulating in the atmosphere have caused climate alterations and increased global temperatures. Several techniques have been developed to mitigate the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and tackle this concern. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is now being adopted as a promising approach among various techniques. This review considers CCUS and its role in reducing the effects of CO2 on the climate. It discusses the amount of CCUS necessary to achieve this goal and existing projects and commitments from governments and corporations to build CCUS infrastructure. CO2 capture and storage conditions are examined, considering different technologies, transportation, and storage alternatives available, including CO2 mineralization. Requirements and methods for long-term CO2 sequestration are addressed, including the injection of supercritical CO2 into subsurface geological sites. The economic feasibility of captured CO2 utilization is considered, such as integrating CCUS with power generation infrastructure and utilizing CO2 for biofuel production. Machine learning is useful for assessing CCUS criteria and its expanding role is discussed. Political policies, fiscal hurdles, and incentives related to CCUS are considered in the context of the outlook for CCUS until 2050. Cost, environmental, economic, and safety issues have an important bearing on the ability of CCUS projects to raise sufficient funding and secure government support.