Electrospinning technology on one dimensional microwave absorbers: fundamentals, current progress, and perspectives

Amongst the various methods of microwave absorption (MA) material fabrication, electrospinning stands out as an innovative and promising technique for the synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) nanofibers. These highly aligned and porous 1D electrospun nanofibers facilitate multiple scattering between fibers and exhibit superior signal attenuation due to cross-polarization and greater conduction loss. The introduction of interfaces and defects resulting from polycrystalline structures enhances the material's microwave absorption performance. This article comprehensively reviews recent progress in electrospinning technology, focusing on principles, methods, component-differentiated absorbers and perspectives for fabricating 1D nanofibers. We discuss the research trends of microwave absorbing technology and the unique advantages of using 1D electrospun fibers, taking into account factors such as molecular weight, applied voltage, and feed rate of polymer solution. In addition, we classify diverse types of 1D electrospun materials based on absorber types and analyze their influence mechanisms on MA characteristics. Finally, we highlight the potential of 1D electrospinning technology in providing perspectives for MA applications. We also discuss future directions for development based on the challenges and opportunities presented in this emerging field.