Review of battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage systems for electric vehicles

• Hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) for EVs. • The high energy density of batteries and high-power density of supercapacitors. • Recent progress in designing and incorporating HESS for EV applications. • Effects of integrated HESS on performance characteristics. • The potential of using battery-supercapacitor hybrid systems. Currently, the term battery-supercapacitor associated with hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) for electric vehicles is significantly concentrated towards energy usage and applications of energy shortages and the degradation of the environment. The explosion of chargeable automobiles such as EVs has boosted the need for advanced and efficient energy storage solutions. Battery-supercapacitor HESS has been introduced to meet these requirements because of the high energy density of batteries and the high-power density of supercapacitors. Subsequently, each storage technology indicates exceptional risks. Significantly, batteries, particularly lithium-ion, suffer from reduced lifespan and thermal runaway because of frequent charging cycles. Furthermore, supercapacitors, while providing high-power output and excellent cycle durability, are expensive and add complexity to the system. This review paper examines the recent progress in designing and incorporating HESS for EV applications. Some innovations comprise new materials for batteries specifically and supercapacitors in general, new concepts of their structure, enhanced power control systems, and control strategies based on the advanced integration of combinations of the two energy storage devices. Furthermore, this review paper examines the effects of integrated HESS on performance characteristics such as an enhanced driving range, better acceleration, and the battery's overall durability. Such pros and cons include cost, scalability, system complexity, possible options for ways forward, and directions for further extensive research. The study underlines the potential of using battery-supercapacitor hybrid systems to develop post-quarter EVs and electricity storage systems.