Decoding the molecular complexity of viruses in human cancer: insights into host cell infection, oncogenesis, and therapeutic prospects

Infections account for approximately 15% of human cancers worldwide. Viruses are the most predominant infectious agents and can infect and alter various types of human cells thereby leading to the development of various forms of cancer. Current studies have reported that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HBC), human papillomavirus (HPV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), Markel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), and BK polyomavirus are the most important oncogenic viruses that are directly involved in the initiation and progression of cancer. Additionally, some recent studies have also reported that some non-oncogenic viruses, such as COVID-19 causing SARS-CoV-2, HIV and Dengue may potentially facilitate the onset of cancer. In this review, we outline the current knowledge of the molecular machinery of viral infection, and how viral oncogenic proteins play a specific role in cellular transformation as well as oncogenesis. Here, we have also discussed the available preventive and treatment approaches for viral infection and oncogenesis. This review will further help in the making of a roadmap for future research and the development of effective therapies such as precision medicine, gene therapies, vaccine development, and immunotherapy.