A novel approach to refractory idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: CD19 CAR T-cell therapy—case report and literature review

CD19-directed CAR T cell therapy shows promise in refractory IIM, offering sustained clinical improvement and a favourable safety profile. The nine reported cases collectively highlight the potential of CAR T cell therapy even in patients with insufficient response to B cell/plasma-cell depleting therapies. Larger studies are needed to evaluate long-term efficacy, safety, and underlying mechanisms of CAR T cell therapy in refractory IIM.