Surface Halide Manipulation for Stable Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

). Notably, the compositional gradient mitigates light-induced ion migration and enhances resistance to environmental erosion. Thus, our devices exhibit negligible efficiency loss after 1000 h storage in air and 3200 h operation under continuous 1-sun illumination at 40 °C, representing the most stable wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells reported to date.