Emerging Vector-Borne Nipah Virus Infection: Unexplored Hazards, Diagnostic Challenges, and the Potential of Phytomedicine-Based Therapeutics

Introduction: Millions of people have died from zoonotic illnesses, like COVID-19 and Nipah virus infection (NiV), throughout history. Fruit bats (Pteropus sp.) are the main reservoir host for NiV, an RNA virus belonging to the Henipavirus group, which causes extremely infectious illnesses, such as COVID- 19. NiV outbreaks have posed significant public health concerns, especially in South and Southeast Asia. The Nipah virus (NiV) infection is caused by a virus that belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family's Henipavirus genus. It is the source of zoonosis, which causes respiratory and neurological symptoms. Methods: This study has reviewed the epidemiology, pathophysiology, genetic diversity, and phylogenetics of NiV. It has explored NiV’s clinical features, cellular monitoring, infection factors, and the virus’ reservoir host. Results: Phylogenetic analysis has identified two circulating NiV lineages. Additionally, the study has examined the role of phytochemicals in combating viral infections. Despite the absence of a focused therapy for COVID-19, phytochemicals have been investigated for their potential antiviral properties. Evidence suggests that plants and their components may possess resistance against NiV by modulating the immune system and inhibiting viral replication. Discussion: The investigation into plant-derived compounds has offered a novel direction for NiV treatment, potentially enhancing viral resistance through immune modulation. Continued research on natural antivirals could bridge current gaps in therapeutic options for emerging zoonotic diseases. Conclusion: The study has highlighted the transmission risk, detection challenges, and the potential of phytochemicals in managing NiV infections. The therapeutic potential of plants and their antiviral properties offer promising insights into future treatments for serious viral diseases, like NiV.