Closed-loop supply chain decision of new energy vehicles considering the cascade utilization of power batteries

Echelon utilization is an effective way to improve the utilization efficiency of retired power batteries. However, in different development periods of the recycling market, there is different mismatch between the number of used batteries and the demand for energy storage, which affects the decision-making and optimization of new energy vehicles supply chain. To solve this problem, a closed-loop supply chain model composed of battery manufacturer, passenger car manufacturer and third-party recycler was constructed. Stackelberg game theory was used to study the recycling market in the early stage of development (the recycling quantity is greater than the energy storage demand) and the mature stage (the recycling quantity is less than the energy storage demand), and it was found that: Under decentralized decision-making, the expansion of the energy storage market scale can effectively promote battery recycling and secondary utilization, but this effect cannot be achieved under centralized decision-making. The selling price of secondary batteries is not affected by the loss of power batteries in the early stage of the development of the recycling market, and is proportional to the loss rate of power batteries in the mature period of the recycling market. In the early stage of the development of the recycling market, the cost-sharing contract can achieve closed-loop supply chain coordination, but the revenue-sharing contract cannot achieve supply chain coordination. In the mature period of the recycling market, both contracts can achieve coordination.