Enhancing the chlorine evolution performance of Ru-based DSA electrodes via cobalt incorporation for the direct electrolysis of seawater

/Ti may be caused by the increased specific surface area of the mixed oxide coating and formation of higher valence states of Ru species after Co incorporation, as evidenced by SEM and XPS results. This study provides an effective design strategy for developing low-cost, high-efficiency DSA electrodes, offering promising prospects for industrial applications.