Comprehensive review on agricultural waste utilization and high-temperature fermentation and composting

Due to the high demand for food and meat for the world's growing population, the agricultural sector is expanding every year. Timely and effective treatment is of utmost importance to utilize organic matter in agricultural waste and avoid environmental pollution. Composting or aerobic fermentation is an effective way to treat agricultural waste and produce organic fertilizer. Improving the application rate of organic fertilizer in soil needs time to reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers. This review article presented the current status and traditional agricultural waste (livestock manure and crop straws) utilization methods, the art of aerobic fermentation process including ultrahigh temperature fermentation and composting. The selection of livestock manure and crop straws as agricultural waste for this review article is due to high nutrients contents and massive generation of them worldwide. This article also included the development of aerobic fermentation technology and listed the high-temperature fermentation tanks. Based on high-temperature aerobic fermentation process performance and quality compost production, recently, some researchers have started working on hyperthermophile pretreatment-assisted high temperature composting, also discussed. Finally, this article gave brief knowledge about compost maturity, which is very important to measure before its application as an organic fertilizer. This art of literature could provide comprehensive knowledge about agricultural waste utilization and high-temperature composting to researchers.