Simultaneous assessment of absorption and pharmacokinetic characteristics of four active flavonoids from Chimonanthus nitens Leaf Granules using LC-MS determination: in vivo and in vitro

. It was revealed that rutin, nicotiflorin, and astragalin had poor oral bioavailability in rats possibly due to low intestinal permeability and metabolism in intestinal flora. Kaempferol underwent rapid glucuronidation and sulphation in rat plasma with medium permeability coefficient. The results provided valuable data for future research and development of CNLG flavonoids.