Micro‐nano porous structured tantalum‐coated dental implants promote osteogenic activity in vitro and enhance osseointegration in vivo

Abstract Due to its excellent biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, tantalum demonstrates versatility as an implant material. However, limited studies investigated the role of tantalum coated titanium‐based dental implants. This study aimed to investigate the potential application of micro‐nano porous structured tantalum coating on the surface of titanium dental implant. In the present study, micro‐nano porous structured tantalum coating was prepared by vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) under selected optimum parameters, various characteristics of tantalum coating (Ta/Ti), including the morphology, potential, constituent, and hydrophilia, were investigated in comparison with its respective control groups, sandblasted titanium (Ti) and titanium coating (Ti/Ti). The adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation ability of rat bone marrow mesenchymal cells (BMSCs) on different materials were assessed in vitro. Then the osseointegration capacity of Ti, Ti/Ti, Ta/Ti, and Straumann implants in canine mandible was evaluated with micro‐CT, histological sections, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. These results demonstrated that micro‐nanostructured, uneven, and granular tantalum coating was successfully prepared on titanium substrate by VPS with pore size ranging from 50 nm to 5 μm and thickness ranging from 80 to 100 μm. Tantalum coating revealed the highest surface potential, best hydrophilia, and most protein adsorption among Ta/Ti, Ti/Ti, and Ti. Furthermore, Ta/Ti surfaces significantly promoted the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. In vivo, Ta/Ti implants displayed positive osseointegration capability associated with increased bone mineral density and formation of new bone around implants without tantalum particles released. Together, these findings indicate that tantalum‐coated titanium dental implants may serve as a new type of dental implant.