A capacitance biosensor for prostate cancer detection via normalised urinary extracellular vesicles

EV/μL, respectively, without any additional signal amplification steps. To validate the sensor, urinary EV samples were analysed using the sensor. The results showed a strong correlation with a commercial PSMA ELISA. Additionally, the PSMA/urine creatinine (uCRE) level can differentiate between PCa patients from healthy controls, indicating its applicability as a non-invasive diagnosis tool. Overall, the developed sensor provides a simple, fast, reagent-free, and more reliable detection technique for urinary EVs detection to improve PCa diagnosis.