Bispecific antibody-antigen complex structures reveal activity enhancement by domain rearrangement

Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have been developed as anti-cancer drugs that accumulate activated T cells on cancer cells by bridging the antigens present in each cell. Ex3 is a diabody-type BsAb composed of an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody and an anti-CD3 antibody. In the design of Ex3, the LH-type domain order (Ex3LH) is shown to have more than 100-fold greater anti-cancer activity than the HL-type domain order (Ex3HL). To understand this phenomenon of activity enhancement by domain-order rearrangement, we report here cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of both Ex3HL and Ex3LH in complex with EGFR and CD3. A structural comparison of the HL and LH types reveals that the domain rearrangement leads to drastic structural changes and that the avoidance of steric hindrance by a favorable bridging angle on the cell surface is the fundamental mechanism for this activity enhancement.